Participation in or avoidance of sport & physical activity is linked to the social & cultural structures of society. Gender has been socially constructed in a way that discourages or prevents many women & girls from becoming physically literate (competent), pursuing their interests as a participant or athlete, or engaging as a coach, official, volunteer or leader.

Early perceptions & experiences formed in family, early childhood care, school & community settings have a profound influence on life-long involvement. “Conventional” or culturally dominant ideas about gender, instructional & coaching methods, curricula & programming often reinforce stereotypical ideas about femininity & masculinity, & disadvantage women & girls while privileging men & boys.

Women & girls who overcome the barriers to pursue sport & physical activity (as participants, & also as coaches, leaders, officials, etc.) must defy long-standing social norms against sport engagement. Some will use various strategies to reaffirm their femininity (i.e., how they dress, act, express themselves through sport & in life) — struggling to define their own femininity & overcompensate to either conform or rebel. Women’s & girls’ sexual orientation may be questioned & they may be subjected to homophobic behaviour or comments. They may feel alienated & withdraw if the environment is not welcoming or respectful. Supportive networks & environments contribute to full & authentic participation & engagement, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identification.

Adolescent girls & young women are under a great deal of emotional pressure & scrutiny as they cope with their changing bodies during physical maturation. This continues as adult women experience physical changes associated with childbearing, lifestyle changes, aging & menopause. Throughout their lives, self-esteem & competence issues may exist in relation to body image & participation.